FARABI JOURNAL of PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGIOUS SCIENCES, Year 2024 Issue 9

The Basic Sources on Which the Science of Morality is Based in Islamic Thought

Hamdi ONAY — 2026-07-16

Abstract: When we look at the history of Islamic thought, one of the topics that Muslim scholars studied and concentrated on was Islamic morality and the disciplines that source it. First of all, since Islamic ethics and practical philosophy are included in the disciplines, although it is considered under the umbrella of philosophy, ethics has a wide field that spans almost all religious sciences. Although philosophy examines morality with a more systematic method, religious sciences intertwined with morality such as kalam, mysticism and fiqh have created a moral idea that cannot be ignored. Among these, the Kalam school examines in depth the issue of the source of moral propositions, while Sufism, as it is also a practical discipline, has a comprehensive understanding of morality. This situation made it necessary to conduct research on morality and to classify many works written about morality in Islamic thought. In this context, the problem of morality has become a serious research topic in Islamic ethics and other fields, and many works have been written. In this study, we will make an effort to determine and evaluate the place of moral science in Islamic philosophy. At the center of Islamic thought and Islamic moral philosophy, emphasis will be placed on the disciplines of Kalam, Sufism, Fiqh and Islamic Philosophy shedding light on moral science in Islamic thought.

Beytulhikmes From Baghdad to Kayrewan, From Kayrewan to Anatolia

Merve Hilal Demirpolat Koç — 2026-07-16

The Nature of Death and the Evolution of the Spirit in the Philosophy of Molla Sadra

Hamdi ONAYVeysi Abdülaziz ,Serhat AKTAŞ — 2026-07-16

Abstract:
The reality of death, as a fact that every living being will eventually face, is among the fundamental issues that thinkers focus on. This concept, which is related to the soul and the afterlife, also has an important place in Mulla Sadra's philosophy. Expressed in different terms in Arabic, death has been addressed in various ways in the Quran. While death is defined in terms of medical science as the decrease in the oxygen level in the blood and therefore the inability to provide the necessary oxygen flow, philosophers have generally explained it as the soul leaving the body. However, Mulla Sadra described death as the soul's desire for perfection or the rise in the level of existence. Although the ontological existence of death is a controversial issue among philosophers, it is possible to come across both definitions in Sadra's philosophy. This shows that he addresses this issue in a multifaceted way. Sadra divides death into three main categories based on its causes. First, it is the soul leaving the body due to its desire for the realm of isolation after being together with the soul for a long time. Secondly, it is death that occurs when the body loses its function as a result of an accident. The third category is voluntary death gained through the purification of the soul. Sadra, who calls the evolutionary movement of all beings "substantial movement", emphasizes that death occurs moment by moment in the gradual flow of life based on this principle. The philosopher, who describes the reason for all movements in the universe as the aim of reaching a higher level of existence, calls this movement substantive movement. If man did not have the desire for perfection and competence, these movements would be unnecessary and meaningless. This view indicates that life and death are two factors serving the same goal. Finally, by touching on the necessity of death, he emphasizes that the soul naturally moves towards evolution and that although the body is a ground (space) for the soul's existence on the way to reaching this goal, it becomes an obstacle in time; therefore, he argues that separation is inevitable.

A Philosophical Perspective in the Context of Ahmed Mukhtar's work titled Our Poetesses

Büşra ARİ Enver DEMİRPOLAT — 2026-07-16

Branches of science such as philosophy and literature are among the branches of science in which human beings create their own existence. Philosophy examines many subjects such as the universe, human, value, epistemology. Philosophical influence is the expression of society in a cultural integrity. Literature is a science related to written works. The science of literature is the reflection of the culture and thought structure of man and the society in which he lives with an artistic and ornate language. Philosophy and Literature are two separate disciplines related to each other in this respect. In a way, women are the main building blocks in the structure and thought system of society and its development.

During the Ottoman period, countless works were written in many fields. While many of these works have survived to the present day, the vast majority of them have not come to light or have been lost in the dark pages of history. In order to contribute to the field, in this article, we tried to examine the work of Hacıbeyzâde Ahmed Muhtar, who lived in the 19th century, titled "Our Poet Ladies" in a philosophical context. We tried to touch upon the philosophical perspective of women poets and women in the context of the work in the Ottoman period. In order to introduce our women thinkers, to have limited information about their thought structures, their poems were examined and philosophically evaluated and it was aimed to create a pioneer for the study of women thinkers in the Ottoman Empire.